CO2 Sequestration Modeling

Qualifications of Gemini Solutions, Inc (GSI)

• Jim Buchwalter, PhD, President

  • CO2 flood modeling experience - Texaco full field CO2 flood in Paradis Louisiana
  • CO2 huff and puff modeling experience
  • Improved CO2 model development for Rice University PhD thesis
    • SPE #25858
    • Implemented at Texaco

• GSI

  • Outsourced Texaco simulator developed over 15 years and used globally
  • 100+ consulting and software clients
  • 24 years in business
  • 500+ industry studies including CO2 screening applications
  • Dedicated full time staff of experts
    • 4 engineers all with advanced degrees & 90+ years of experience in reservoir engineering

GSI CO2 Applications & Services

• Applications

  • CO2 flooding in oil reservoirs to target bypassed oil - Model CO2 injection rates, plume movement, oil bank, and oil recovery
  • CO2 injection into aquifers to reduce carbon gasses - Model CO2 injection rates and plume movement

• Services

  • Consulting
  • Software Sales and Training
  • Hybrid
    • GSI builds model
    • Client uses “client” GSI software module to optimize well positions & target bypassed oil - Requires 1 hour class for client to learn workflows

Gemini tools Versus Competitors

Parameter	Gemini	Competitors – compositional simulation
Time to build models and analyze results	Pattern models in 1-2 hours Full field models in 3 days to 2+ weeks	Pattern models in days to a week Full field models in weeks to months
Easy to learn workflows	Easy - Time to learn workflows 4 hours training for pattern models 3 days training for full field application	Hard - Time to learn workflows Weeks to months
Tools	Use equation of state to calculate CO2 and oil properties	Use equation of state to calculate CO2 and oil properties
Applicable users	Experts Part time casual users	Experts
Accuracy	CO2 injected into aquifers Matches results from competitors Co2 injected into depleted oil reservoirs Good results Excellent screening tool Economics and production close to competitor results	CO2 injected into aquifers Matches results from GSI Co2 injected into depleted oil reservoirs Slightly better results than GSI Models variable compositional change in oil Economics close to GSI and production slightly more accurate

CO2 oil properties

Sample Application: CO2 injection into Aquifers

CO2 Injection into large aquifer with two structural highs – 6 sublayers

CO2 Injection into Long Reach Horizontal Well into large aquifer with two structural highs

CO2 Injection into Long Reach Horizontal Well into large aquifer with Permeability Isotropy

CO2 Injection into small versus large radial aquifer

CO2 Injection into large aquifer30 MD versus 500 MD horizontal permeability

Sample Application: CO2 injection into oil reservoirs

CO2 Injection into depleted oil reservoir

CO2 Injection into depleted oil reservoir

CO2 Injection & oil recovery in depleted oil reservoir

TAKE THE NEXT STEP IN OPTIMIZING YOUR CO2 PROJECT

• Step 1
  • Arrange a complimentary one-hour introduction to view our tools and workflows.
• Step 2
  • GSI will build a complimentary model for a client asset and review the model with the client
• Step 3 options
  • Lease GSI tools using the model and complete forecasts
  • Pay GSI to receive forecasts for well placement optimization, injection rates histories, CO2 plume movement, and if applicable tertiary oil recovery
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